{ "version": "2026-10-03", "title": { "fr": "Annuaire des outils OSINT", "en": "OSINT tool directory" }, "method": { "fr": "Sélection éditoriale de services et ressources externes, descriptions fondées sur leurs portails ou documentations. Révision des références le 3 octobre 2026 ; disponibilité, tarifs, quotas et langues d’interface peuvent évoluer. Aucun abonnement ni fonction payante n’a été testé.", "en": "Editorial selection of external services and resources, described using their portals or documentation. References reviewed on 3 October 2026; availability, prices, quotas and interface languages can change. Subscriptions and paid features were not tested." }, "categories": { "search": { "fr_slug": "recherche-web", "en_slug": "web-search", "photo": "workspace", "fr": { "title": "Recherche web et documents", "question": "Comment retrouver une affirmation et sa source d’origine ?", "steps": [ "Extraire les mots distinctifs, noms propres et expressions exactes sans ajouter de conclusion.", "Lancer une requête large, puis tester une expression entre guillemets, un site et un format de document.", "Comparer les versions originales, les traductions et les reprises ; remonter les liens cités.", "Ouvrir la page, relever auteur et dates, et conserver ce qui répond précisément à la question." ], "fields": [ "Requête exacte et langue", "Moteur, filtres et heure de consultation", "URL originale, auteur et date de publication" ], "limit": "Le nombre de résultats, leur rang et la répétition d’un texte ne mesurent pas la véracité. Plusieurs reprises peuvent dépendre d’une seule source." }, "en": { "title": "Web and document search", "question": "How can a claim and its original source be located ?", "steps": [ "Extract distinctive words, proper names and exact phrases without adding a conclusion.", "Start broadly, then test a quoted phrase, a site and a document format.", "Compare originals, translations and republications; follow cited links upstream.", "Open the page, record author and dates, and retain what answers the specific question." ], "fields": [ "Exact query and language", "Engine, filters and access time", "Original URL, author and publication date" ], "limit": "Result counts, ranking and repetition do not measure truth. Several republications may depend on a single source." } }, "archives": { "fr_slug": "archives-web", "en_slug": "web-archives", "photo": "library", "fr": { "title": "Archives web et conservation", "question": "Que montrait une page à un moment donné ?", "steps": [ "Identifier l’URL précise, y compris le chemin et les paramètres utiles à la page.", "Consulter plusieurs captures autour de la période recherchée et noter leurs dates.", "Contrôler si images, liens, scripts et documents appartiennent bien à la même capture.", "Comparer avec la page actuelle et conserver une description des différences constatées." ], "fields": [ "URL recherchée et URL d’archive", "Date de capture et fuseau", "Éléments absents ou chargés depuis le site actuel" ], "limit": "Une archive atteste une capture disponible, pas une publication initiale ni l’identité de l’auteur. Ne pas rendre publiques des informations sensibles en les archivant." }, "en": { "title": "Web archives and preservation", "question": "What did a page show at a particular time ?", "steps": [ "Identify the precise URL, including path and parameters relevant to the page.", "Inspect several snapshots around the period and record their dates.", "Check whether images, links, scripts and documents belong to the same snapshot.", "Compare with the current page and retain a description of observed differences." ], "fields": [ "Requested URL and archive URL", "Capture timestamp and timezone", "Missing elements or content loaded from the live site" ], "limit": "An archive establishes an available capture, not initial publication or author identity. Do not make sensitive information public by archiving it." } }, "media": { "fr_slug": "images-videos", "en_slug": "images-video", "photo": "map", "fr": { "title": "Vérification des images et vidéos", "question": "Ce média correspond-il au lieu, à la date et au récit annoncés ?", "steps": [ "Conserver le fichier disponible et l’URL de publication sans écraser l’original.", "Chercher des occurrences inversées ; pour une vidéo, choisir plusieurs images clés distinctives.", "Comparer légendes, recadrages, séquence, son et indices géographiques avec les versions retrouvées.", "Évaluer séparément origine, date, lieu et éventuelle modification ; noter ce qui reste indéterminé." ], "fields": [ "URL et compte de publication", "Version du fichier et images clés", "Origines candidates et différences de contexte" ], "limit": "Un détecteur, une anomalie de compression ou une correspondance visuelle ne suffit pas à conclure. Une image authentique peut être présentée dans un contexte faux." }, "en": { "title": "Image and video verification", "question": "Does this media match the claimed place, date and narrative ?", "steps": [ "Retain the available file and publication URL without overwriting the original.", "Search reverse-image occurrences; for video, choose several distinctive keyframes.", "Compare captions, crops, sequence, sound and geographic cues with retrieved versions.", "Assess origin, date, location and possible editing separately; record unresolved points." ], "fields": [ "Publication URL and account", "File version and keyframes", "Candidate origins and contextual differences" ], "limit": "A detector, compression anomaly or visual match is insufficient for a conclusion. An authentic image can be presented in a false context." } }, "geo": { "fr_slug": "cartes-satellites", "en_slug": "maps-satellites", "photo": "earth", "fr": { "title": "Cartes, géolocalisation et satellites", "question": "Quels indices permettent de confirmer un lieu et une période ?", "steps": [ "Lister les indices visibles : route, relief, signalisation, bâtiment, végétation et orientation.", "Formuler plusieurs lieux candidats plutôt que choisir le premier résultat ressemblant.", "Comparer des éléments fixes indépendants sur cartes, photographies et imagerie datée.", "Documenter coordonnées, dates d’acquisition et raisons d’exclusion des autres candidats." ], "fields": [ "Coordonnées et système de référence", "Couche, capteur, date et résolution", "Indices concordants et contradictions" ], "limit": "La ressemblance d’un paysage ne confirme pas un lieu. L’imagerie peut être ancienne, nuageuse ou trop peu précise ; distinguer géolocalisation et datation." }, "en": { "title": "Maps, geolocation and satellites", "question": "Which clues can confirm a place and period ?", "steps": [ "List visible clues: road, terrain, signs, buildings, vegetation and orientation.", "Form several candidate locations instead of choosing the first similar result.", "Compare independent fixed features using maps, photographs and dated imagery.", "Record coordinates, acquisition dates and why other candidates were excluded." ], "fields": [ "Coordinates and reference system", "Layer, sensor, date and resolution", "Matching cues and contradictions" ], "limit": "Landscape similarity does not confirm a location. Imagery may be old, cloudy or insufficiently detailed; distinguish geolocation from dating." } }, "company": { "fr_slug": "entreprises-registres", "en_slug": "companies-registers", "photo": "team", "fr": { "title": "Entreprises et registres publics", "question": "À quelle entité juridique correspond le nom commercial ?", "steps": [ "Partir d’un identifiant stable et d’une juridiction, puis distinguer marque, établissement et société.", "Consulter le registre primaire et les documents utiles à la question, avec leurs dates.", "Comparer adresses, fonctions, statut et annonces sans confondre homonymes ou filiales.", "Faire confirmer le contact et la transaction par un canal officiel indépendant du message reçu." ], "fields": [ "SIREN, numéro de société ou LEI", "Juridiction et document de registre", "Date du fait et date de dépôt" ], "limit": "L’existence administrative ne garantit pas la solvabilité ni l’authenticité d’un interlocuteur. Les informations déclarées doivent être distinguées des faits vérifiés." }, "en": { "title": "Companies and public registers", "question": "Which legal entity corresponds to the trading name ?", "steps": [ "Start with a stable identifier and jurisdiction; distinguish brand, establishment and company.", "Consult the primary register and relevant documents, retaining their dates.", "Compare addresses, roles, status and notices without conflating namesakes or subsidiaries.", "Confirm the contact and transaction through an official channel independent of the received message." ], "fields": [ "SIREN, company number or LEI", "Jurisdiction and register document", "Event date and filing date" ], "limit": "Administrative existence guarantees neither solvency nor contact authenticity. Distinguish filed declarations from verified facts." } }, "data": { "fr_slug": "donnees-publiques", "en_slug": "public-data", "photo": "library", "fr": { "title": "Données publiques et statistiques", "question": "Peut-on comparer ces chiffres sans changer leur sens ?", "steps": [ "Retrouver le producteur, la série originale et la documentation méthodologique.", "Vérifier unité, population, territoire, période et date de révision avant de comparer.", "Distinguer valeur absente, zéro, estimation, rupture de série et donnée provisoire.", "Conserver code de série, filtres, version et licence avec le tableau utilisé." ], "fields": [ "Code de série et producteur", "Unité, population et période", "Version, filtres et licence" ], "limit": "Un agrégat décrit une population, pas une personne ou une transaction. Une hausse apparente peut résulter d’un changement de périmètre ou de méthode." }, "en": { "title": "Public data and statistics", "question": "Can these figures be compared without changing their meaning ?", "steps": [ "Locate the publisher, original series and methodological documentation.", "Check unit, population, territory, period and revision date before comparing.", "Distinguish missing values, zero, estimates, series breaks and provisional data.", "Retain series code, filters, version and licence with the table used." ], "fields": [ "Series code and publisher", "Unit, population and period", "Version, filters and licence" ], "limit": "An aggregate describes a population, not a person or transaction. An apparent increase can result from changed scope or methods." } }, "social": { "fr_slug": "publications-comptes", "en_slug": "posts-accounts", "photo": "workspace", "fr": { "title": "Publications et comptes publics", "question": "Comment documenter une publication sans attribuer trop vite son auteur ?", "steps": [ "Retrouver la publication native, son identifiant et le contexte de la conversation.", "Distinguer nom affiché, identifiant stable, compte officiel et simple déclaration de profil.", "Comparer plusieurs éléments datés et indépendants ; conserver les contradictions.", "Limiter la collecte aux éléments publics nécessaires et rédiger une conclusion proportionnée." ], "fields": [ "URL native et identifiant de publication", "Compte, date et contexte", "Déclaration du profil ou confirmation indépendante" ], "limit": "Un pseudonyme identique ou une photo reprise ne suffit pas à relier deux comptes à une personne. Les résultats accessibles dépendent aussi de l’instance et du compte de consultation." }, "en": { "title": "Public posts and accounts", "question": "How can a post be documented without premature author attribution ?", "steps": [ "Find the native post, its identifier and the conversation context.", "Distinguish display name, stable identifier, official account and profile claims.", "Compare several dated independent elements and preserve contradictions.", "Collect only necessary public material and write a proportionate conclusion." ], "fields": [ "Native URL and post identifier", "Account, date and context", "Profile claim or independent confirmation" ], "limit": "A matching alias or reused photo does not link two accounts to a person. Available results also depend on server and viewing account." } }, "infrastructure": { "fr_slug": "domaines-infrastructure", "en_slug": "domains-infrastructure", "photo": "workspace", "fr": { "title": "Domaines et infrastructure publique", "question": "Quelles observations publiques éclairent un domaine sans contacter sa cible ?", "steps": [ "Définir les domaines et actifs autorisés, en distinguant consultation d’index et interaction avec la cible.", "Comparer enregistrement RDAP, DNS, certificats et observations déjà publiées.", "Noter chaque horodatage et vérifier les relations de sous-domaines sans assimiler IP partagée et propriétaire commun.", "Consulter d’abord les analyses existantes ; évaluer la publication et la visite induites avant toute soumission externe." ], "fields": [ "Actif et périmètre autorisé", "Source, type d’observation et horodatage", "Relation constatée et hypothèses restantes" ], "limit": "Le site IIS ne réalise aucun scan. Chez un tiers, une soumission d’URL peut déclencher une visite et une publication ; ne jamais transmettre de jeton, accès privé ou fichier confidentiel." }, "en": { "title": "Domains and public infrastructure", "question": "Which public observations clarify a domain without contacting its target ?", "steps": [ "Define authorised domains and assets; distinguish index lookup from target interaction.", "Compare RDAP registration, DNS, certificates and already published observations.", "Record every timestamp and examine subdomain relationships without equating shared IP with common ownership.", "Inspect existing analyses first; assess publication and target visits before an external submission." ], "fields": [ "Asset and authorised scope", "Source, observation type and timestamp", "Observed relationship and remaining hypotheses" ], "limit": "IIS performs no scan. At a third party, submitting a URL may trigger a visit and publication; never transmit tokens, private access or confidential files." } }, "sanctions": { "fr_slug": "listes-sanctions", "en_slug": "sanctions-lists", "photo": "team", "fr": { "title": "Listes de sanctions et homonymes", "question": "Une correspondance de nom désigne-t-elle réellement la même entité ?", "steps": [ "Identifier la juridiction pertinente et consulter la liste de l’autorité compétente.", "Comparer nom, alias, date de naissance ou identifiant d’entité lorsqu’ils sont publiés.", "Lire la référence, la date et le régime associés à l’entrée plutôt qu’un score de similarité isolé.", "Faire examiner les correspondances ambiguës et la portée du texte par la fonction compétente avant une décision." ], "fields": [ "Autorité, liste et date de version", "Identifiants et critères de rapprochement", "Texte applicable et ambiguïtés non résolues" ], "limit": "Une correspondance n’établit ni culpabilité ni application automatique d’une mesure. Ce parcours aide à documenter une recherche et ne remplace pas un avis juridique." }, "en": { "title": "Sanctions lists and namesakes", "question": "Does a name match actually refer to the same entity ?", "steps": [ "Identify the relevant jurisdiction and consult the competent authority’s list.", "Compare published name, aliases, birth date or entity identifier.", "Read the entry reference, date and regime rather than an isolated similarity score.", "Have the responsible function assess ambiguous matches and the text’s scope before a decision." ], "fields": [ "Authority, list and version date", "Identifiers and matching criteria", "Applicable text and unresolved ambiguity" ], "limit": "A match establishes neither guilt nor automatic applicability of a measure. This pathway documents research and does not replace legal advice." } }, "method": { "fr_slug": "methode-documentation", "en_slug": "method-documentation", "photo": "library", "fr": { "title": "Méthode, documentation et apprentissage", "question": "Comment produire un dossier qu’un autre lecteur peut vérifier ?", "steps": [ "Définir une question, un périmètre, une échéance et une règle d’arrêt avant de choisir des outils.", "Tenir un journal de sources qui distingue original, reprise, commentaire et hypothèse.", "Confronter les éléments à une hypothèse alternative et rechercher les contradictions.", "Présenter faits établis, inconnues, limites et action suivante avec des références consultables." ], "fields": [ "Question et critère de conclusion", "URL, auteur, date et copie de travail", "Fait, interprétation et niveau de confiance justifié" ], "limit": "Multiplier les outils ne rend pas les sources indépendantes. Un dossier utile privilégie des preuves pertinentes et une formulation proportionnée aux incertitudes." }, "en": { "title": "Method, documentation and learning", "question": "How can a file be produced that another reader can verify ?", "steps": [ "Define a question, scope, deadline and stopping rule before choosing tools.", "Keep a source log distinguishing original, republication, commentary and hypothesis.", "Test an alternative hypothesis and look for contradictions.", "Present established facts, unknowns, limitations and the next action with accessible references." ], "fields": [ "Question and conclusion criterion", "URL, author, date and working copy", "Fact, interpretation and justified confidence level" ], "limit": "More tools do not make sources independent. A useful file prioritises relevant evidence and wording proportionate to uncertainty." } } }, "entries": [ { "id": "google", "name": "Google · recherche avancée", "category": "search", "url": "https://www.google.com/advanced_search", "reference": "https://www.google.com/advanced_search", "access": "open", "territory": "global", "reviewed": "2026-10-03", "fr": { "use": "Combiner expression exacte, domaine, langue et format de fichier pour retrouver une publication.", "limit": "Un extrait de résultat peut être ancien ; ouvrir et dater la source." }, "en": { "use": "Combine an exact phrase, domain, language and file format to locate a publication.", "limit": "A result snippet may be outdated; open and date the source." } }, { "id": "bing", "name": "Microsoft Bing", "category": "search", "url": "https://www.bing.com/", "reference": "https://www.bing.com/", "access": "open", "territory": "global", "reviewed": "2026-10-03", "fr": { "use": "Comparer les résultats d’un autre moteur et chercher les variantes d’une expression.", "limit": "Le classement et l’indexation ne sont pas une mesure de fiabilité." }, "en": { "use": "Compare another engine’s results and search phrase variants.", "limit": "Ranking and indexing do not measure reliability." } }, { "id": "duckduckgo", "name": "DuckDuckGo", "category": "search", "url": "https://duckduckgo.com/", "reference": "https://duckduckgo.com/", "access": "open", "territory": "global", "reviewed": "2026-10-03", "fr": { "use": "Chercher des pages, expressions et documents publics avec un point d’entrée différent.", "limit": "Deux moteurs peuvent partager des sources ; leurs résultats ne sont pas deux confirmations." }, "en": { "use": "Search public pages, phrases and documents through another entry point.", "limit": "Two engines may share sources; their results are not two confirmations." } }, { "id": "brave", "name": "Brave Search", "category": "search", "url": "https://search.brave.com/", "reference": "https://search.brave.com/", "access": "open", "territory": "global", "reviewed": "2026-10-03", "fr": { "use": "Élargir une recherche web et comparer les pages originales aux reprises.", "limit": "Les réponses synthétiques ne remplacent pas les documents cités." }, "en": { "use": "Broaden a web search and compare originals with republications.", "limit": "Generated answers do not replace the cited documents." } }, { "id": "mojeek", "name": "Mojeek", "category": "search", "url": "https://www.mojeek.com/", "reference": "https://www.mojeek.com/", "access": "open", "territory": "global", "reviewed": "2026-10-03", "fr": { "use": "Rechercher une expression dans un index web alternatif et explorer des sources moins visibles.", "limit": "La couverture varie selon les langues et les sites." }, "en": { "use": "Search a phrase in an alternative web index and explore less visible sources.", "limit": "Coverage varies across languages and websites." } }, { "id": "scholar", "name": "Google Scholar", "category": "search", "url": "https://scholar.google.com/", "reference": "https://scholar.google.com/intl/en/scholar/about.html", "access": "open", "territory": "global", "reviewed": "2026-10-03", "fr": { "use": "Retrouver articles, auteurs et versions d’une publication scientifique.", "limit": "Une citation ou une présence dans l’index ne garantit pas la qualité méthodologique." }, "en": { "use": "Locate papers, authors and versions of a research publication.", "limit": "A citation or inclusion in the index does not guarantee methodological quality." } }, { "id": "wayback", "name": "Wayback Machine", "category": "archives", "url": "https://web.archive.org/", "reference": "https://web.archive.org/", "access": "open", "territory": "global", "reviewed": "2026-10-03", "fr": { "use": "Consulter les captures historiques d’une URL et comparer les changements d’une page.", "limit": "La date de capture n’est pas la date de publication ; scripts et médias peuvent manquer." }, "en": { "use": "Inspect historical URL snapshots and compare page changes.", "limit": "Capture time is not publication time; scripts and media may be missing." } }, { "id": "internet-archive", "name": "Internet Archive", "category": "archives", "url": "https://archive.org/", "reference": "https://archive.org/", "access": "mixed", "territory": "global", "reviewed": "2026-10-03", "fr": { "use": "Retrouver collections, livres, enregistrements et documents conservés dans une bibliothèque numérique.", "limit": "Les métadonnées et droits diffèrent selon les collections ; vérifier l’exemplaire." }, "en": { "use": "Locate collections, books, recordings and documents in a digital library.", "limit": "Metadata and rights vary by collection; check the specific item." } }, { "id": "perma", "name": "Perma.cc", "category": "archives", "url": "https://perma.cc/", "reference": "https://perma.cc/", "access": "account", "territory": "global", "reviewed": "2026-10-03", "fr": { "use": "Préserver une référence web et conserver le lien d’archive associé à une citation.", "limit": "La création de captures dépend du compte ; éviter d’archiver des contenus sensibles." }, "en": { "use": "Preserve a web reference and retain its archive link with a citation.", "limit": "Creating captures depends on the account; avoid archiving sensitive content." } }, { "id": "lens", "name": "Google Lens", "category": "media", "url": "https://search.google/ways-to-search/lens/", "reference": "https://search.google/ways-to-search/lens/", "access": "open", "territory": "global", "reviewed": "2026-10-03", "fr": { "use": "Comparer une image à des occurrences web et lire un panneau ou du texte visible.", "limit": "Une ressemblance ne prouve ni l’identité d’une personne ni le lieu ; contrôler les sources." }, "en": { "use": "Compare an image with web occurrences and read visible signs or text.", "limit": "Similarity proves neither a person’s identity nor a location; inspect the sources." } }, { "id": "tineye", "name": "TinEye", "category": "media", "url": "https://tineye.com/", "reference": "https://tineye.com/", "access": "mixed", "territory": "global", "reviewed": "2026-10-03", "fr": { "use": "Retrouver des occurrences indexées d’une image et comparer les versions.", "limit": "La première occurrence indexée n’est pas nécessairement l’original ; un résultat absent reste inconclusif." }, "en": { "use": "Locate indexed occurrences of an image and compare versions.", "limit": "The earliest indexed occurrence is not necessarily the original; no result is inconclusive." } }, { "id": "bing-visual", "name": "Bing Visual Search", "category": "media", "url": "https://www.bing.com/visualsearch", "reference": "https://www.bing.com/visualsearch", "access": "open", "territory": "global", "reviewed": "2026-10-03", "fr": { "use": "Chercher des images similaires et des éléments visuels dans une photographie.", "limit": "Les suggestions automatiques doivent être corroborées ; l’interface peut rediriger selon le pays." }, "en": { "use": "Search for similar images and visual elements within a photograph.", "limit": "Automatic suggestions need corroboration; the interface may redirect by country." } }, { "id": "invid", "name": "InVID / WeVerify", "category": "media", "url": "https://www.invid-project.eu/tools-and-services/invid-verification-plugin/", "reference": "https://www.invid-project.eu/tools-and-services/invid-verification-plugin/", "access": "software", "territory": "global", "reviewed": "2026-10-03", "fr": { "use": "Accéder aux outils de vérification de vidéos, d’images clés et de contexte de publication.", "limit": "Certaines fonctions nécessitent une extension ou un service tiers ; aucune détection n’est une preuve isolée." }, "en": { "use": "Access video, keyframe and publication-context verification tools.", "limit": "Some functions require an extension or third-party service; no detection is standalone proof." } }, { "id": "forensically", "name": "Forensically", "category": "media", "url": "https://29a.ch/photo-forensics/", "reference": "https://29a.ch/photo-forensics/", "access": "open", "territory": "global", "reviewed": "2026-10-03", "fr": { "use": "Examiner bruit, clones et autres indices techniques dans une image.", "limit": "Compression, redimensionnement et retouche légitime peuvent produire des anomalies." }, "en": { "use": "Examine noise, clones and other technical cues in an image.", "limit": "Compression, resizing and legitimate editing may produce anomalies." } }, { "id": "osm", "name": "OpenStreetMap", "category": "geo", "url": "https://www.openstreetmap.org/", "reference": "https://www.openstreetmap.org/", "access": "open", "territory": "global", "reviewed": "2026-10-03", "fr": { "use": "Comparer routes, bâtiments, relief apparent et noms de lieux avec des indices visuels.", "limit": "La carte est contributive ; dater et corroborer les détails décisifs." }, "en": { "use": "Compare roads, buildings and place names with visual clues.", "limit": "The map is community maintained; date and corroborate decisive details." } }, { "id": "earth", "name": "Google Earth", "category": "geo", "url": "https://earth.google.com/web/", "reference": "https://earth.google.com/web/", "access": "open", "territory": "global", "reviewed": "2026-10-03", "fr": { "use": "Explorer le relief, les bâtiments et l’imagerie disponible autour d’un lieu.", "limit": "Les images ont des dates et résolutions différentes ; elles ne montrent pas nécessairement l’état actuel." }, "en": { "use": "Explore terrain, buildings and available imagery around a location.", "limit": "Images have different dates and resolutions; they may not show current conditions." } }, { "id": "copernicus", "name": "Copernicus Browser", "category": "geo", "url": "https://browser.dataspace.copernicus.eu/", "reference": "https://browser.dataspace.copernicus.eu/", "access": "mixed", "territory": "global", "reviewed": "2026-10-03", "fr": { "use": "Choisir une zone, une période et un produit satellitaire pour comparer des observations.", "limit": "Nuages, résolution et traitement limitent la lecture ; conserver le produit et la date d’acquisition." }, "en": { "use": "Choose an area, period and satellite product to compare observations.", "limit": "Clouds, resolution and processing limit interpretation; retain product and acquisition date." } }, { "id": "worldview", "name": "NASA Worldview", "category": "geo", "url": "https://worldview.earthdata.nasa.gov/", "reference": "https://worldview.earthdata.nasa.gov/", "access": "open", "territory": "global", "reviewed": "2026-10-03", "fr": { "use": "Consulter des couches d’observation de la Terre et comparer des dates.", "limit": "Une couche thématique peut être un produit dérivé ; lire sa légende et sa résolution." }, "en": { "use": "Inspect Earth observation layers and compare dates.", "limit": "A thematic layer may be a derived product; read its legend and resolution." } }, { "id": "firms", "name": "NASA FIRMS", "category": "geo", "url": "https://firms.modaps.eosdis.nasa.gov/map/", "reference": "https://firms.modaps.eosdis.nasa.gov/map/", "access": "open", "territory": "global", "reviewed": "2026-10-03", "fr": { "use": "Consulter les détections de points chauds et leur contexte temporel.", "limit": "Un point chaud ne prouve pas à lui seul un incendie, sa cause ou son périmètre." }, "en": { "use": "Inspect hotspot detections and their temporal context.", "limit": "A hotspot alone does not establish a wildfire, its cause or its extent." } }, { "id": "geonames", "name": "GeoNames", "category": "geo", "url": "https://www.geonames.org/", "reference": "https://www.geonames.org/", "access": "open", "territory": "global", "reviewed": "2026-10-03", "fr": { "use": "Rechercher coordonnées, noms alternatifs et lieux portant le même nom.", "limit": "Les homonymes géographiques imposent de vérifier pays, région et coordonnées." }, "en": { "use": "Find coordinates, alternative names and places sharing a name.", "limit": "Geographic namesakes require country, region and coordinate checks." } }, { "id": "cartes-gouv", "name": "cartes.gouv.fr · IGN", "category": "geo", "url": "https://cartes.gouv.fr/explorer-les-cartes/", "reference": "https://cartes.gouv.fr/explorer-les-cartes/", "access": "open", "territory": "france", "reviewed": "2026-10-03", "fr": { "use": "Consulter les cartes et couches géographiques publiques françaises.", "limit": "Distinguer date d’acquisition, mise à jour du fond et précision de la couche." }, "en": { "use": "Consult French public maps and geographic layers.", "limit": "Distinguish acquisition date, basemap updates and layer accuracy." } }, { "id": "annuaire", "name": "Annuaire des Entreprises", "category": "company", "url": "https://annuaire-entreprises.data.gouv.fr/", "reference": "https://annuaire-entreprises.data.gouv.fr/a-propos/comment-ca-marche", "access": "open", "territory": "france", "reviewed": "2026-10-03", "fr": { "use": "Rechercher une entité par SIREN, SIRET ou dénomination et contrôler son identité administrative.", "limit": "Une entreprise réelle peut être usurpée ; le registre ne valide pas le contact reçu." }, "en": { "use": "Find an entity by SIREN, SIRET or name and check its administrative identity.", "limit": "A real company can be impersonated; the register does not validate the received contact." } }, { "id": "inpi", "name": "DATA INPI", "category": "company", "url": "https://data.inpi.fr/", "reference": "https://data.inpi.fr/", "access": "mixed", "territory": "france", "reviewed": "2026-10-03", "fr": { "use": "Consulter informations d’entreprise et données de propriété industrielle disponibles.", "limit": "La disponibilité d’un document dépend du service et des règles d’accès." }, "en": { "use": "Consult available company and industrial property information.", "limit": "Document availability depends on the service and access rules." } }, { "id": "bodacc", "name": "BODACC", "category": "company", "url": "https://www.bodacc.fr/pages/home/", "reference": "https://www.bodacc.fr/pages/home/", "access": "open", "territory": "france", "reviewed": "2026-10-03", "fr": { "use": "Rechercher annonces légales commerciales et événements publiés concernant une société.", "limit": "Une annonce doit être rattachée au bon identifiant et à la bonne date." }, "en": { "use": "Search published commercial legal notices and company events.", "limit": "A notice must match the correct identifier and date." } }, { "id": "companies-house", "name": "Companies House", "category": "company", "url": "https://find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk/", "reference": "https://find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk/", "access": "open", "territory": "uk", "reviewed": "2026-10-03", "fr": { "use": "Consulter numéros d’entreprise, statut, fonctions et dépôts du registre britannique.", "limit": "Les informations déposées peuvent être déclaratives ; vérifier le document et sa période." }, "en": { "use": "Inspect company numbers, status, roles and filings in the UK register.", "limit": "Filed information may be self-reported; check the document and its period." } }, { "id": "opencorporates", "name": "OpenCorporates", "category": "company", "url": "https://opencorporates.com/", "reference": "https://opencorporates.com/", "access": "mixed", "territory": "global", "reviewed": "2026-10-03", "fr": { "use": "Identifier une société, sa juridiction et les références de registre associées.", "limit": "Un agrégateur ne remplace pas le registre primaire ; vérifier la fraîcheur des reprises." }, "en": { "use": "Identify a company, its jurisdiction and associated register references.", "limit": "An aggregator does not replace the primary register; check how current copied records are." } }, { "id": "edgar", "name": "SEC EDGAR", "category": "company", "url": "https://www.sec.gov/edgar/search/", "reference": "https://www.sec.gov/edgar/search/", "access": "open", "territory": "us", "reviewed": "2026-10-03", "fr": { "use": "Chercher les documents déposés auprès de la SEC par nom, identifiant ou expression.", "limit": "Le périmètre couvre les déposants concernés, pas toutes les entreprises américaines." }, "en": { "use": "Search SEC filings by name, identifier or phrase.", "limit": "Coverage concerns relevant filers, not every US company." } }, { "id": "gleif", "name": "GLEIF LEI Search", "category": "company", "url": "https://search.gleif.org/", "reference": "https://search.gleif.org/", "access": "open", "territory": "global", "reviewed": "2026-10-03", "fr": { "use": "Comparer LEI, identité légale et relations publiées pour une entité juridique.", "limit": "L’absence de LEI ne prouve pas qu’une entité n’existe pas ; contrôler le statut du LEI." }, "en": { "use": "Compare LEI, legal identity and published relationships for a legal entity.", "limit": "No LEI does not prove an entity does not exist; check the LEI status." } }, { "id": "data-gouv", "name": "data.gouv.fr", "category": "data", "url": "https://www.data.gouv.fr/", "reference": "https://www.data.gouv.fr/", "access": "open", "territory": "france", "reviewed": "2026-10-03", "fr": { "use": "Rechercher jeux de données, producteurs, ressources et licences de réutilisation.", "limit": "Une publication sur le portail ne dispense pas de contrôler producteur, méthode et date." }, "en": { "use": "Find datasets, publishers, resources and reuse licences.", "limit": "Publication on the portal does not replace publisher, method and date checks." } }, { "id": "data-europa", "name": "data.europa.eu", "category": "data", "url": "https://data.europa.eu/", "reference": "https://data.europa.eu/", "access": "open", "territory": "eu", "reviewed": "2026-10-03", "fr": { "use": "Explorer des catalogues européens et retrouver le producteur d’un jeu de données.", "limit": "Les catalogues agrègent des ressources de qualité et de fraîcheur variables." }, "en": { "use": "Explore European catalogues and identify a dataset publisher.", "limit": "Catalogues aggregate resources with varying quality and freshness." } }, { "id": "eurostat", "name": "Eurostat", "category": "data", "url": "https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/", "reference": "https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/", "access": "open", "territory": "eu", "reviewed": "2026-10-03", "fr": { "use": "Comparer statistiques européennes avec définitions, codes de séries et métadonnées.", "limit": "Comparer uniquement des unités, populations et périodes compatibles." }, "en": { "use": "Compare European statistics using definitions, series codes and metadata.", "limit": "Compare only compatible units, populations and periods." } }, { "id": "world-bank", "name": "World Bank Open Data", "category": "data", "url": "https://data.worldbank.org/", "reference": "https://data.worldbank.org/", "access": "open", "territory": "global", "reviewed": "2026-10-03", "fr": { "use": "Rechercher des indicateurs par pays, année et code de série.", "limit": "Les estimations et révisions doivent être distinguées des mesures observées." }, "en": { "use": "Find indicators by country, year and series code.", "limit": "Distinguish estimates and revisions from observed measurements." } }, { "id": "oecd", "name": "OECD Data Explorer", "category": "data", "url": "https://data-explorer.oecd.org/", "reference": "https://data-explorer.oecd.org/", "access": "open", "territory": "global", "reviewed": "2026-10-03", "fr": { "use": "Explorer des séries comparatives et leurs dimensions dans les données OCDE.", "limit": "La couverture des pays et les méthodes changent selon la série." }, "en": { "use": "Explore comparative series and their dimensions in OECD data.", "limit": "Country coverage and methods vary by series." } }, { "id": "comtrade", "name": "UN Comtrade", "category": "data", "url": "https://comtradeplus.un.org/", "reference": "https://comtradeplus.un.org/", "access": "mixed", "territory": "global", "reviewed": "2026-10-03", "fr": { "use": "Comparer des flux commerciaux par déclarant, partenaire, produit et période.", "limit": "Ne pas confondre statistiques de commerce et preuve d’une transaction individuelle." }, "en": { "use": "Compare trade flows by reporter, partner, product and period.", "limit": "Do not confuse trade statistics with proof of an individual transaction." } }, { "id": "bluesky", "name": "Bluesky", "category": "social", "url": "https://bsky.app/", "reference": "https://bsky.app/", "access": "mixed", "territory": "global", "reviewed": "2026-10-03", "fr": { "use": "Rechercher publications publiques, termes et comptes dans leur contexte de diffusion.", "limit": "Le nom affiché ne suffit pas à établir l’identité ; conserver URL et horodatage." }, "en": { "use": "Search public posts, terms and accounts in their publication context.", "limit": "A display name does not establish identity; retain URL and timestamp." } }, { "id": "mastodon", "name": "Mastodon", "category": "social", "url": "https://joinmastodon.org/", "reference": "https://joinmastodon.org/", "access": "mixed", "territory": "global", "reviewed": "2026-10-03", "fr": { "use": "Comprendre la recherche dans le réseau fédéré et accéder aux instances concernées.", "limit": "La recherche dépend de l’instance, de l’indexation et des paramètres ; elle n’est pas exhaustive." }, "en": { "use": "Understand search in the federated network and access relevant instances.", "limit": "Search depends on the server, indexing and settings; it is not exhaustive." } }, { "id": "github", "name": "GitHub Search", "category": "social", "url": "https://github.com/search", "reference": "https://docs.github.com/en/search-github", "access": "mixed", "territory": "global", "reviewed": "2026-10-03", "fr": { "use": "Rechercher dépôts, documentation et traces publiques de projets logiciels.", "limit": "Un compte ou un commit ne prouve pas l’identité civile ; ne pas exploiter des secrets exposés." }, "en": { "use": "Search repositories, documentation and public software project traces.", "limit": "An account or commit does not prove legal identity; do not use exposed secrets." } }, { "id": "icann", "name": "ICANN Lookup · RDAP", "category": "infrastructure", "url": "https://lookup.icann.org/", "reference": "https://www.icann.org/rdap", "access": "open", "territory": "global", "reviewed": "2026-10-03", "fr": { "use": "Consulter les données publiques d’enregistrement d’un domaine.", "limit": "Les titulaires peuvent être masqués ; un registrar ou un contact technique n’est pas l’auteur du site." }, "en": { "use": "Consult public domain registration data.", "limit": "Registrants may be redacted; a registrar or technical contact is not the website author." } }, { "id": "crt", "name": "crt.sh", "category": "infrastructure", "url": "https://crt.sh/", "reference": "https://certificate.transparency.dev/", "access": "open", "territory": "global", "reviewed": "2026-10-03", "fr": { "use": "Retrouver noms de domaines présents dans des certificats publiés dans les journaux CT.", "limit": "Un certificat peut être expiré ou ne jamais avoir servi ; il ne prouve pas un contrôle actuel." }, "en": { "use": "Find domain names in certificates published in CT logs.", "limit": "A certificate may be expired or unused; it does not establish current control." } }, { "id": "dns", "name": "Google Public DNS", "category": "infrastructure", "url": "https://dns.google/", "reference": "https://dns.google/", "access": "open", "territory": "global", "reviewed": "2026-10-03", "fr": { "use": "Consulter des enregistrements DNS publics en précisant le type recherché.", "limit": "Résolution, cache et date comptent ; une IP partagée ne prouve pas une relation entre clients." }, "en": { "use": "Inspect public DNS records with the requested record type.", "limit": "Resolution, cache and date matter; a shared IP does not establish a relationship between customers." } }, { "id": "shodan", "name": "Shodan", "category": "infrastructure", "url": "https://www.shodan.io/", "reference": "https://www.shodan.io/", "access": "mixed", "territory": "global", "reviewed": "2026-10-03", "fr": { "use": "Consulter les observations indexées d’actifs et services accessibles sur Internet.", "limit": "Limiter la recherche au périmètre autorisé ; une observation ancienne n’est pas un scan actuel." }, "en": { "use": "Inspect indexed observations of Internet-facing assets and services.", "limit": "Keep research within authorised scope; an old observation is not a current scan." } }, { "id": "censys", "name": "Censys", "category": "infrastructure", "url": "https://censys.com/", "reference": "https://censys.com/", "access": "mixed", "territory": "global", "reviewed": "2026-10-03", "fr": { "use": "Accéder à une plateforme d’observation de l’infrastructure Internet et des certificats.", "limit": "L’accès, la plateforme et les quotas évoluent ; confirmer l’horodatage de chaque observation." }, "en": { "use": "Access an Internet infrastructure and certificate observation platform.", "limit": "Access, platform and quotas evolve; confirm each observation timestamp." } }, { "id": "urlscan", "name": "urlscan.io", "category": "infrastructure", "url": "https://urlscan.io/", "reference": "https://urlscan.io/", "access": "mixed", "territory": "global", "reviewed": "2026-10-03", "fr": { "use": "Chercher des analyses existantes d’URL et examiner leurs requêtes et captures.", "limit": "Une nouvelle soumission peut être publiée et visiter la cible ; éviter URL privées et jetons." }, "en": { "use": "Search existing URL analyses and inspect their requests and screenshots.", "limit": "A new submission may become public and visit the target; avoid private URLs and tokens." } }, { "id": "virustotal", "name": "VirusTotal", "category": "infrastructure", "url": "https://www.virustotal.com/gui/", "reference": "https://www.virustotal.com/gui/", "access": "mixed", "territory": "global", "reviewed": "2026-10-03", "fr": { "use": "Consulter le contexte d’un domaine, d’une URL ou d’une empreinte de fichier connue.", "limit": "Ne pas envoyer de fichier confidentiel ; les verdicts peuvent diverger ou dater." }, "en": { "use": "Inspect context for a domain, URL or known file hash.", "limit": "Do not submit confidential files; verdicts may differ or be outdated." } }, { "id": "eu-sanctions", "name": "EU Sanctions Map", "category": "sanctions", "url": "https://www.sanctionsmap.eu/", "reference": "https://www.sanctionsmap.eu/", "access": "open", "territory": "eu", "reviewed": "2026-10-03", "fr": { "use": "Identifier un régime européen et suivre les références officielles du texte applicable.", "limit": "La carte est un point d’entrée ; contrôler le texte, la date et l’identité avant toute décision." }, "en": { "use": "Identify a European regime and follow official references to the applicable text.", "limit": "The map is an entry point; check the text, date and identity before a decision." } }, { "id": "ofac", "name": "OFAC Sanctions List Search", "category": "sanctions", "url": "https://sanctionssearch.ofac.treas.gov/", "reference": "https://sanctionssearch.ofac.treas.gov/", "access": "open", "territory": "us", "reviewed": "2026-10-03", "fr": { "use": "Rechercher des correspondances sur les listes OFAC et comparer les identifiants publiés.", "limit": "Un score de similitude n’est pas une identification ; traiter les homonymes et le régime applicable." }, "en": { "use": "Search OFAC list matches and compare published identifiers.", "limit": "A similarity score is not identification; resolve namesakes and the applicable regime." } }, { "id": "un-sanctions", "name": "UN Security Council Consolidated List", "category": "sanctions", "url": "https://main.un.org/securitycouncil/en/content/un-sc-consolidated-list", "reference": "https://main.un.org/securitycouncil/en/content/un-sc-consolidated-list", "access": "open", "territory": "global", "reviewed": "2026-10-03", "fr": { "use": "Consulter la liste consolidée et les identifiants des entrées publiées par l’ONU.", "limit": "Les entrées relèvent de régimes distincts ; vérifier versions et identifiants plutôt que le seul nom." }, "en": { "use": "Consult the consolidated list and identifiers in UN-published entries.", "limit": "Entries belong to distinct regimes; check versions and identifiers rather than name alone." } }, { "id": "bellingcat", "name": "Bellingcat Toolkit", "category": "method", "url": "https://bellingcat.gitbook.io/toolkit", "reference": "https://bellingcat.gitbook.io/toolkit", "access": "open", "territory": "global", "reviewed": "2026-10-03", "fr": { "use": "Choisir des outils par catégorie et consulter leurs guides d’utilisation.", "limit": "Une fiche d’outil n’autorise ni collecte intrusive ni conclusion automatique." }, "en": { "use": "Choose tools by category and consult their usage guides.", "limit": "A tool description authorises neither intrusive collection nor automatic conclusions." } }, { "id": "verification-handbook", "name": "Verification Handbook", "category": "method", "url": "https://verificationhandbook.com/", "reference": "https://verificationhandbook.com/", "access": "open", "territory": "global", "reviewed": "2026-10-03", "fr": { "use": "Étudier des méthodes de vérification de contenus numériques et des exemples éditoriaux.", "limit": "Certaines interfaces citées peuvent avoir changé ; conserver le principe de recoupement." }, "en": { "use": "Study digital content verification methods and editorial examples.", "limit": "Some cited interfaces may have changed; retain the corroboration principle." } }, { "id": "zotero", "name": "Zotero", "category": "method", "url": "https://www.zotero.org/", "reference": "https://www.zotero.org/", "access": "software", "territory": "global", "reviewed": "2026-10-03", "fr": { "use": "Organiser références, documents, notes et citations dans une bibliothèque de recherche.", "limit": "Une référence enregistrée n’est pas vérifiée ; distinguer métadonnées, copie et commentaire." }, "en": { "use": "Organise references, documents, notes and citations in a research library.", "limit": "A saved reference is not verified; distinguish metadata, copy and commentary." } } ] }